Metabolic & biomechanic performance analysis of human gait at different water levels

Abstract

Walking is one of the most efficient forms of human locomotion; however, environmental conditions such as flooding alter normal gait mechanics by increasing drag forces, reducing stability, and requiring greater muscular effort. These biomechanical adaptations increase metabolic demand and reduce locomotor efficiency (Rupcich et al., 2023). Puerto Rico is highly exposed to hurricanes, floods, and tsunami hazards, making it an ideal location to investigate how water depth influences human movement (Puerto Rico Seismic Network, 2025). Understanding these physiological and biomechanical adaptations can improve emergency evacuation strategies and contribute to safer disaster response planning.